A Health Educator’s Guide to Understanding Drugs of Abuse Testing

Front Cover
Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2009 M03 18 - 230 pages
The drug free workplace initiative was started in 1986 by President Ronald Reagan when he issued an executive order to develop guidelines for drug abuse testing for Federal Government employees. Since then, most state, government, and private employers have adopted the policy of a drug free workplace. Today, pre-employment drug testing is almost mandatory and passing the drug test is a condition for hire. A Health Educator's Guide to Understanding Drug Abuse Testing describes in layman’s language the process of testing for drugs and provides coverage of what potential employees are being tested for, how the tests are performed, and what foods and drugs may affect the test results and may jeopardize a person's chance of being hired. Written by a practicing toxicologist, this text gives health educators a solid foundation in the process of drug testing and helps them understand how different methods of cheating drug tests are rendered ineffectual.
 

Contents

Foreword
Preface
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Abbreviations
CHAPTER 1
HISTORY OF DRUG ABUSE
DRUG ABUSE IN THE UNITED STATES
DRUG ABUSE IN MAJOR US CITIES
SPECIMEN INTEGRITY TESTING
DILUTED URINE AND DRUGSOFABUSE TESTING
FLUSHING DETOXIFICATION AGENTS DIURETICS AND HERBAL TEA
ASPIRIN AND OTHER NONSTEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS
BITTER ORANGE AND AMPHETAMINE IMMUNOASSAY SCREENING
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 10

STREET NAMES OF COMMON DRUGS
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS AS CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES
ABUSE OF PRESCRIPTION MEDICATIONS
ABUSE OF NONPRESCRIPTION MEDICATIONS
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF DRUGS OF ABUSE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2
THE ROLE OF DOPAMINE
METABOLISM OF ABUSED DRUGS
AMPHETAMINE METHAMPHETAMINE AND SIMILAR DRUGS
BARBITURATES
BENZODIAZEPINES
COCAINE ABUSE
MARIJUANA
OPIATES
METHADONE
PROPOXYPHENE
PHENCYCLIDINE
METHAQUALONE AND GLUTETHIMIDE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 3
DESIGNER DRUGS AS AMPHETAMINE ANALOGS
DESIGNER DRUGS DERIVED FROM PHENYLETHYLAMINE
ILLICIT DRUGS THAT ARE FENTANYL ANALOGS
USE AND ABUSE
ABUSE OF MEPERIDINE AND ITS ANALOGS
ABUSE OF GHB AND ITS ANALOGS
ROHYPNOL
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 4
EXECUTIVE ORDER OF PRESIDENT REAGAN
IMPORTANT LAWS AND REGULATIONS
WHEN SHOULD DRUG TESTING BE CONDUCTED?
THE ROLE OF SAMHSA IN WORKPLACE DRUG TESTING
SAMHSACERTIFIED LABORATORIES
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 5
SAMHSAMANDATED DRUG TESTS
ROLE OF THE MEDICAL REVIEW OFFICER IN SAMHSAMANDATED DRUG TESTING
TESTING FOR NONSAMHSA DRUGS
COLLECTION OF URINE SPECIMENS
CHAIN OF CUSTODY
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 6
MEDICAL DRUG TESTING VERSUS WORKPLACE DRUG TESTING
WORKERS COMPENSATION
UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION
DRUG TESTING ON ALTERNATIVE SPECIMENS
STATE AND FEDERAL DRUG LAWS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 7
BASIC PRINCIPLES
HOMOGENEOUS VERSUS HETEROGENEOUS ASSAY FORMAT
HOMOGENEOUS IMMUNOASSAYS
HETEROGENEOUS IMMUNOASSAYS
LIMITATIONS OF IMMUNOASSAYS
THINLAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY FOR DRUG ANALYSIS
MASS SPECTROMETRIC TECHNIQUES FOR DRUG CONFIRMATION
GCMS FOR DRUG CONFIRMATION
SIM VERSUS FULL SCAN
ANALYSIS OF AMPHETAMINES
ANALYSIS OF BENZODIAZEPINES
ANALYSIS OF BARBITURATES
ANALYSIS OF COCAINE METABOLITES
ANALYSIS OF CANNABINOIDS
ANALYSIS OF OPIATES
ANALYSIS OF METHADONE
ANALYSIS OF PROPOXYPHENE
DRUG CONFIRMATION IN HAIR SALIVA AND SWEAT SPECIMENS
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 8
LATERALFLOW IMMUNOASSAY
POINTOFCARE TESTING OF URINE SPECIMENS
POINTOFCARE TESTING DEVICES FOR ORAL FLUID
POINTOFCARE TESTING FOR SWEAT SPECIMENS
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 9
COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE FLUSHING AND DETOXIFYING PRODUCTS
A BIG CHALLENGE
SPECIMEN INTEGRITY TESTS
COMMON HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS AND DRINKS AS URINARY ADULTERANTS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 11
OXIDIZING AGENTS
NITRITECONTAINING AGENTS
PEROXIDASE
GLUTARALDEHYDE
OTHER URINARY ADULTERANTS
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ADULTERANTS
IDENTIFYING ADULTERATED SPECIMENS
URINE DIPSTICKS TO DETECT URINARY ADULTERANTS
LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF ADULTERATED SPECIMENS
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12
POPPY PLANTS AND POPPY SEEDS
MORPHINE AND CODEINE CONCENTRATIONS FOLLOWING CONSUMPTION OF POPPY SEEDS
HEROIN ABUSE VERSUS POPPY SEED CONSUMPTION
HEALTH INCA TEA AND MATE DE COCA TEA
PASSIVE INHALATION OF MARIJUANA
HEMP OIL
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 13
COCAINE AND OTHER DRUGS OF ABUSE IN PAPER CURRENCY
HANDLING MONEY CONTAMINATED WITH DRUGS
PSILOCIN AND AMPHETAMINE SCREENING
LYSERGIC ACID
KETAMINE
SOLVENT AND GLUE SNIFFING
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 14
OTC MEDICATIONS
EPHEDRACONTAINING WEIGHTLOSS PRODUCTS
EFFECT OF INHALER USE ON AMPHETAMINEMETHAMPHETAMINE SCREENING
SOME OTC COLD MEDICATIONS MOVED BEHIND THE COUNTER
OTC COLD MEDICATIONS MAY BE FATAL IN INFANTS
RANITIDINE AND AMPHETAMINEMETHAMPHETAMINE SCREENING
MISCELLANEOUS OTHER INTERFERENCES
OTC DRUGS CONTAINING CODEINE AND OPIATE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 15
PRESCRIPTION DRUGS THAT INTERFERE WITH AMPHETAMINEMETHAMPHETAMINE SCREENING
PRESCRIPTION DRUGS THAT CONTAIN AMPHETAMINE OR METHAMPHETAMINE
PRESCRIPTION DRUGS THAT ARE METABOLIZED TO AMPHETAMINE OR METHAMPHETAMINE
OPIOIDCONTAINING PRESCRIPTION DRUGS
USE OF MARINOL AND THE MARIJUANA TEST
BENZODIAZEPINECONTAINING DRUGS
EFFECT OF OXAPROZIN ON IMMUNOASSAY SCREENING FOR BENZODIAZEPINES
PRESCRIPTION DRUGS THAT CONTAIN PROPOXYPHENE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 16
DILUTE URINE AND DRUG TESTING
HERBAL REMEDIES AND HERBAL TEA
POPPY SEEDS AND HEMP PRODUCTS
COLD COUGH AND PRESCRIPTION MEDICATIONS
ADULTERANTS
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 17
TESTING OF HAIR SPECIMENS
TESTING OF ORAL FLUIDS
SWEAT TESTING
TESTING OF DRUGS IN MECONIUM
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 18
HERBAL REMEDIES AND ADVERSE EFFECTS
INTERACTION OF ST JOHNS WORT WITH WESTERN DRUGS
CONTAMINATION OF HERBAL SUPPLEMENTS
HERBAL SUPPLEMENTS THAT DO NOT INTERFERE WITH DRUGSOFABUSE TESTING
HERBAL SUPPLEMENTS CONTAINING HALLUCINOGENS
ABUSE OF KHAT
ABUSE OF JIMSON WEED
HERBAL SUPPLEMENTS CONTAINING ILLICIT DRUGS
POSITIVE DRUG TESTS DUE TO HERBAL SUPPLEMENTS
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
INDEX
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